| Ikhtilaf (differences) among
the Madhhabs in Islam
1
Al-Hafiz al-Bayhaqi in his book "al-Madkhal" and al-Zarkashi in
his "Tadhkirah fi al-ahadith al-mushtaharah" relate: Imam al-Qasim
ibn Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr al-Siddiq said: "The differences among the
Companions of Muhammad (s) are a mercy for Allah's servants.
Al-Hafiz al-`Iraqi the teacher of Ibn Hajar
al-`Asqalani said: "This is a saying of al-Qasim ibn Muhammad who
said: 'The difference of opinion among the Companions of Muhammad (s) is a
mercy.
2
Al-Hafiz Ibn al-Athir in the introduction to his "Jami` al-usul fi
ahadith al-rasul" relates the above saying from Imam Malik according
to al-Hafiz Ibn al-Mulaqqin in his "Tuhfat al-muhtaj ila adillat al-Minhaj"
and Ibn al-Subki in his "Tabaqat al-Shafi`iyya."
3
Bayhaqi and Zarkashi also said: Qutada said: "'Umar ibn `Abd al-`Aziz
used to say: 'It would not please me more if the Companions of Muhammad
(s) did not differ among them, because had they not differed there would
be no leeway (for us).'"
4
Bayhaqi also relates in "al-Madkhal" and Zarkashi in the "Tadhkira":
Al-Layth ibn Sa`d said on the authority of Yahya ibn Sa`id: "the
people of knowledge are the people of flexibility (tawsi`a). Those who
give fatwas never cease to differ, and so this one permits something while
that one forbids it, without one finding fault with the other when he
knows of his position."
5
Al-Hafiz al-Sakhawi said in his "Maqasid al-hasana" p. 49 #39
after quoting the above: "I have read the following written in my
shaykh's (al-Hafiz ibn Hajar) handwriting: 'The hadith of Layth is a
reference to a very famous hadith of the Prophet (s), cited by Ibn al-Hajib
in the "Mukhtasar" in the section on qiyas (analogy), which
says: "Difference of opinion in my Community is a mercy for
people" (ikhtilafu ummati rahmatun li al-nas). There is a lot of
questioning about its authenticity, and many of the imams of learning have
claimed that it has no basis (la asla lahu). However, al-Khattabi mentions
it in the context of a digression in "Gharib al-hadith" . . .
and what he says concerning the tracing of the hadith is not free from
imperfection, but he makes it known that it does have a basis in his
opinion.'"
6
Al-`Iraqi mentions all of the above (1-5) in his "Mughni `an haml al-asfar"
and says: "What is meant by "the Community" in this saying
is those competent for practicing legal reasoning (al-mujtahidun) in the
branches of the law, wherein reasoning is permissible."
NOTE:
What `Iraqi meant by saying "the branches wherein reasoning is
permissible" is that difference is not allowed in matters of
doctrine, since there is agreement that there is only one truth in the
essentials of belief and anyone, whether a mujtahid or otherwise, who
takes a different view automatically renounces Islam. (Shawkani, "Irshad
al-Fuhul" p. 259 as quoted in Kamali, "Principles of Islamic
Jurisprudence" p. 383.) Al-Albani in his attack on the hadith
"Difference of opinion in my Community is a mercy" ignores this
distinction and even adduces the verse: "If it had been from other
than Allah they would have found therein much discrepancy" (4:82) in
order to prove that differences can never be a mercy in any case but are
always a curse. Al-Albani's point is directed entirely against those who
are content to follow a madhhab. The only scholar he quotes in support of
his position is Ibn Hazm al-Zahiri, whose mistake he adopts without
mentioning it was denounced by Nawawi. ("Silsila da`ifa" 1:76
#57)
7
Ibn Hazm said in "al-Ihkam fi usul al-ahkam" (5:64): "The
saying "Difference of opinion in my Community is a mercy" is the
most perverse saying possible, because if difference were mercy, agreement
would be anger, and it is impossible for a Muslim to say this, because
there can only be either agreement, or difference, and there can only be
either mercy, or anger." However, Imam Nawawi said in his Commentary
on "Sahih Muslim": "If something (i.e. agreement) is a
mercy it is not necessary for its opposite to be the opposite of mercy.
No-one makes this binding, and no-one even says this except an ignoramus
or one who affects ignorance. Allah the Exalted said: "And of His
mercy He has made night for you so that you would rest in it," and He
has named night a mercy: it does not necessarily ensue from this that the
day is a punishment."
8
Al-Khattabi said in "Gharib al-hadith": "Difference of
opinion in religion is of three kinds: - In affirming the Creator and His
Oneness: to deny it is kufr (disbelief);
- In His attributes and will: to deny them is innovation;
- In the different rulings of the branches of the law (ahkam al-furu`).
Allah has made them mercy and generosity
for the scholars, and that is the meaning of the hadith: "Difference
of opinion in my Community is a mercy." Al-Jarrahi cited it in "Kashf
al-khafa" 1:64 #153.
9
Al-Hafiz al-Suyuti says in his short treatise "Jazil al-mawahib fi
ikhtilaf al-madhahib" (The Abundant Grants Concerning the Differences
Among the Schools): "The hadith "Difference of opinion in my
Community is a mercy for people" has many benefits among which are
the fact that the Prophet (s) foretold of the differences that would arise
after his time among the madhahib in the branches of the law, and this is
one of his miracles because it is a foretelling of things unseen. Another
benefit is his approval of these differences and his confirmation of them
because he characterizes them as a mercy. Another benefit is that the
legally responsible person can choose to follow whichever he likes among
them." After citing the saying of `Umar ibn `Abd al-`Aziz already
quoted (#3 above), Suyuti says: "This indicates that what is meant is
their differences in the rulings in the branches of the law."
10
The muhaddith al-Samhudi relates al-Hafiz Ibn al-Salah's discussion of
Imam Malik's saying concerning difference of opinion among the Companions:
"Among them is the one that is wrong and the one that is right:
therefore you must exercise ijtihad." Samhudi said: "Plainly, it
refers to differences in legal rulings (ahkam). Ibn al-Salah said:
"This is different from what Layth said concerning the flexibility
allowed for the Community, since this applies exclusively to the mujtahid
as he said: "you must exercise ijtihad," because the mujtahid's
competence makes him legally responsible (mukallaf) to exercise ijtihad
and there is no flexibility allowed for him over the matter of their
difference. The flexibility applies exclusively to the unqualified
follower (muqallid). The people meant in the saying: "Difference of
opinion in my Community is a mercy for people" are those unqualified
followers. As for the import of Malik's saying "Among the Companions
is the one that is wrong and the one that is right," it is meant only
as an answer to those who say that the mujtahid is able to follow the
Companions. It is not meant for others.""
11
The author of "al-Fiqh al-Akbar" (attributed to Imam Abu Hanifa)
said: "Difference of opinion in the Community is a token of divine
mercy."
12
Ibn Qudama al-Hanbali said in "Al-`Aqa'id": "The difference
in opinion in the Community is a mercy, and their agreement is a
proof."
Discussion
The decision of `Umar whereby he gave
precedence to `Ubayy ibn Ka`b's ijtihad over the ijtihad of `Abdullah ibn
Mas`ud on the validity of praying in a single garment is not a proof that
`Abdullah was wrong, rather it is a proof that `Umar exercised his own
ijtihad and authority as the Greater Imam in settling the question. He
overruled, not invalidated, and if Ibn Mas`ud held his position from the
Prophet (s) he cannot change it even after `Umar's ruling. This is true of
every true mujtahid at any time: he is obligated to follow the result of
his own ijtihad even if it should differ with that of every other mujtahid
of the past and present, unless he becomes convinced that he was mistaken
in his previous ijtihad.
According to all the scholars it is
incumbent upon the leader of the Muslims to be a mujtahid and it is his
responsibility in such cases to settle the question for the sake of the
people of his time, and that is the proper context of Imam Malik's
injuction: "Exercise ijtihad." It is addressed to the mufti who
must establish what is correct in clearcut fashion, not to the muqallid
(follower) who is only interested in "a way to follow" (=
madhhab) without having to verify its proofs and inferences. However,
another mufti may reach another conclusion and be followed, and is not
bound by that of the first, nor are those who take their fatwa from him,
and no-one finds fault with the other, as Al-Layth ibn Sa`d stated.
A clear proof that the fatwa of the leader
overrules but does not invalidate the opinion of the Companions even if it
directly contradicts it, is the fact that when `Umar ibn al-Khattab
proposed to have all the hadith collected and written down he consulted
the Companions and they unanimously agreed to his proposal; later he
disapproved of it and ordered that everyone who had written a collection
burn it. Yet `Umar ibn `Abd al-`Aziz later ordered that hadith be
collected and written. Al-Hafiz al-Baghdadi relates it in his "Taqyid
al-`ilm" 49, 52-53, 105-106, and Ibn Sa`d in his "Tabaqat"
3(1): 206, 8:353.
Those who think they are mujtahid but in
reality are unqualified, when faced by the followers of madhahib, cover up
their ignorance with the flashy claim: "We follow Qur'an and Sunna,
not madhahib." When it is pointed out to them that to follow a
madhhab is to follow Qur'an and Sunna through true ijtihad, they become
upset: "How can the four madhhabs differ and be right at the same
time? I have heard that only one may be right, and the others wrong."
The answer is that one certainly follows only the ruling that he believes
is right, but he can never fanatically invalidate the following of other
rulings by other madhahib, because they, also, are based on sound
principles of ijtihad. At this they rebel and begin numbering the mistakes
of the mujtahids: "Imam Malik was right in this, but he was wrong in
that; Imam Shafi`i was right in this, but he was wrong in that . . .
" This is what they say, and what they hide in their heart is worse
because it includes even the Companions. This we will never accept. But
when they are rebuked for this blatant disrespect they make it known that
they have been wronged and "They are arrogant in their sin"
(2:206). This is nothing else than the legacy of the Wahhabi/Salafi
movement.
Blessings and Peace on the Prophet, his
Family, and His Companions. May Allah be well pleased with the Four
Mujtahid Imams, and all the scholars who feared Allah truly.
Fouad Haddad Sunnah Foundation
Source:
http://ds.dial.pipex.com/masud/ISLAM/misc/ikhtilaf.htm |
